Basics on cancer


Cancer is a term that often sparks fear and confusion. It's a complex disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Simply put, cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. These abnormal cells can invade and destroy normal tissue, impairing the function of organs and systems within the body.

Normal cells in the body grow, divide, and die in a controlled manner as part of the body's natural processes. However, cancer cells behave differently. They grow and divide at an unregulated pace, forming masses of tissue called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous; those that are considered cancerous are known as malignant tumors. Malignant tumors have the ability to spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis, which can make cancer particularly dangerous.

The development of cancer typically involves a series of genetic mutations or changes that alter the normal functioning of cells. These mutations can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures (such as tobacco smoke, ultraviolet radiation, or certain chemicals), viruses, and lifestyle choices (like diet and physical activity).

There are many different types of cancer, each with its own set of characteristics and behaviors. Some of the most common types include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and skin cancer. Each type of cancer may require different approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and management.

The symptoms of cancer can vary widely depending on the type and location of the disease. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

  1. Persistent fatigue
  2. Unexplained weight loss
  3. Changes in bowel or bladder habits
  4. Persistent cough or hoarseness
  5. Changes in the appearance of moles or skin lesions
  6. Difficulty swallowing
  7. Persistent pain
  8. Unusual bleeding or discharge

It's important to note that experiencing these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer, as they can also be caused by other health conditions. However, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional if any concerning symptoms arise, as early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for cancer patients.

Diagnosing cancer typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs), laboratory tests (including blood tests and biopsies), and sometimes genetic testing. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Cancer treatment plans are highly individualized and may vary depending on factors such as the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health and preferences, and the expertise of the healthcare team. In addition to medical treatments, supportive care services such as nutrition counseling, pain management, and psychological support are often integral parts of cancer care.

Living with cancer can be challenging, but many people are able to continue leading fulfilling lives with appropriate treatment and support. Advances in cancer research and treatment have led to significant improvements in survival rates and quality of life for many cancer patients. Ongoing efforts to raise awareness, promote prevention strategies, and invest in cancer research offer hope for continued progress in the fight against cancer.

By DR Giriyappagoudar MG

MBBS, DMRT, MDRT

Consultant Radiation Oncologist @ HCG NMR Cancer Centre



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